{"id":3250,"date":"2025-05-01T23:23:00","date_gmt":"2025-05-01T21:23:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/patryk.zaleski.com.pl\/?p=3250"},"modified":"2026-05-01T23:58:29","modified_gmt":"2026-05-01T21:58:29","slug":"einstein-w-twoim-samochodzie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/patryk.zaleski.com.pl\/?p=3250","title":{"rendered":"Ein\u00adste\u00adin w two\u00adim samochodzie"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na pierw\u00adszy rzut oka teo\u00adria wzgl\u0119d\u00adno\u00ad\u015bci wyda\u00adje si\u0119 nale\u00ad\u017ce\u0107 do \u015bwia\u00adta czar\u00adnych dziur, zakrzy\u00adwio\u00adnej cza\u00adso\u00adprze\u00adstrze\u00adni i kosmicz\u00adnych para\u00addok\u00ads\u00f3w, a nie do codzien\u00adnych przed\u00admio\u00adt\u00f3w takich jak aku\u00admu\u00adla\u00adtor samochodowy.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A jed\u00adnak w\u0142a\u00ad\u015bnie w takim nie\u00adpo\u00adzor\u00adnym urz\u0105\u00addze\u00adniu, jak kla\u00adsycz\u00adny aku\u00admu\u00adla\u00adtor o\u0142o\u00adwio\u00adwy, kry\u00adje si\u0119 jeden z naj\u00adbar\u00addziej zaska\u00adku\u00adj\u0105\u00adcych przy\u00adk\u0142a\u00add\u00f3w dzia\u00ad\u0142a\u00adnia fizy\u00adki rela\u00adty\u00adwi\u00adstycz\u00adnej w prak\u00adty\u00adce. Arty\u00adku\u0142 wsp\u00f3\u0142\u00adau\u00adtor\u00adstwa Patry\u00adka Zale\u00adskie\u00adgo-Ejgierd wpi\u00adsu\u00adje si\u0119 w d\u0142u\u00adg\u0105 tra\u00addy\u00adcj\u0119 odkry\u0107, kt\u00f3\u00adre poka\u00adzu\u00adj\u0105, \u017ce gra\u00adni\u00adca mi\u0119\u00addzy \u201ewiel\u00adk\u0105 fizy\u00adk\u0105\u201d a tech\u00adno\u00adlo\u00adgi\u0105 u\u017cyt\u00adko\u00adw\u0105 jest znacz\u00adnie bar\u00addziej p\u0142yn\u00adna, ni\u017c mog\u0142o\u00adby si\u0119 wydawa\u0107.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6a71a5ea30a38&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6a71a5ea30a38\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/patryk.zaleski.com.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/relatywistyka-1024x576.png\" alt class=\"wp-image-3251\" srcset=\"https:\/\/patryk.zaleski.com.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/relatywistyka-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/patryk.zaleski.com.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/relatywistyka-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/patryk.zaleski.com.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/relatywistyka-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/patryk.zaleski.com.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/relatywistyka-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/patryk.zaleski.com.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/relatywistyka.png 1672w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><button class=\"lightbox-trigger\" type=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" data-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\" data-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\">\n\t\t\t<svg width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Histo\u00adria zaczy\u00adna si\u0119 na pocz\u0105t\u00adku XX wie\u00adku, gdy roz\u00adw\u00f3j mecha\u00adni\u00adki kwan\u00adto\u00adwej i teo\u00adrii wzgl\u0119d\u00adno\u00ad\u015bci ca\u0142\u00adko\u00adwi\u00adcie zmie\u00adni\u0142 nasze rozu\u00admie\u00adnie mate\u00adrii. Pocz\u0105t\u00adko\u00adwo by\u0142y to teo\u00adrie g\u0142\u0119\u00adbo\u00adko abs\u00adtrak\u00adcyj\u00adne, two\u00adrzo\u00adne bez my\u015bli o prak\u00adtycz\u00adnych zasto\u00adso\u00adwa\u00adniach. Dopie\u00adro z cza\u00adsem oka\u00adza\u00ad\u0142o si\u0119, \u017ce opi\u00adsu\u00adj\u0105 one nie tyl\u00adko egzo\u00adtycz\u00adne zja\u00adwi\u00adska, lecz tak\u00ad\u017ce w\u0142a\u00ad\u015bci\u00adwo\u00ad\u015bci zwy\u00adk\u0142ych pier\u00adwiast\u00adk\u00f3w che\u00admicz\u00adnych. Szcze\u00adg\u00f3l\u00adnie inte\u00adre\u00adsu\u00adj\u0105\u00adce sta\u00ad\u0142y si\u0119 ci\u0119\u017c\u00adkie ato\u00admy, takie jak o\u0142\u00f3w, w kt\u00f3\u00adrych elek\u00adtro\u00adny poru\u00adsza\u00adj\u0105 si\u0119 na tyle szyb\u00adko, \u017ce kla\u00adsycz\u00adny opis prze\u00adsta\u00adje wystar\u00adcza\u0107. W takich uk\u0142a\u00addach koniecz\u00adne sta\u00adje si\u0119 uwzgl\u0119d\u00adnie\u00adnie efek\u00adt\u00f3w rela\u00adty\u00adwi\u00adstycz\u00adnych \u2014 nie dla\u00adte\u00adgo, \u017ce uk\u0142ad jako ca\u0142o\u015b\u0107 si\u0119 poru\u00adsza, ale dla\u00adte\u00adgo, \u017ce same elek\u00adtro\u00adny osi\u0105\u00adga\u00adj\u0105 pr\u0119d\u00adko\u00ad\u015bci sta\u00adno\u00adwi\u0105\u00adce istot\u00adny u\u0142a\u00admek pr\u0119d\u00adko\u00ad\u015bci \u015bwiat\u0142a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To w\u0142a\u00ad\u015bnie ten sub\u00adtel\u00adny efekt le\u017cy u pod\u00adstaw dzia\u00ad\u0142a\u00adnia aku\u00admu\u00adla\u00adto\u00adra o\u0142o\u00adwio\u00adwe\u00adgo. W swo\u00adjej pra\u00adcy bada\u00adcze prze\u00adpro\u00adwa\u00addzi\u00adli zaawan\u00adso\u00adwa\u00adne obli\u00adcze\u00adnia kwan\u00adto\u00adwo-che\u00admicz\u00adne, por\u00f3w\u00adnu\u00adj\u0105c mode\u00adle nie\u00aduwzgl\u0119d\u00adnia\u00adj\u0105\u00adce rela\u00adty\u00adwi\u00adsty\u00adki z tymi, kt\u00f3\u00adre j\u0105 uwzgl\u0119d\u00adnia\u00adj\u0105 cz\u0119\u00ad\u015bcio\u00adwo lub w pe\u0142\u00adni. Wynik oka\u00adza\u0142 si\u0119 ude\u00adrza\u00adj\u0105\u00adcy: znacz\u00adna cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 napi\u0119\u00adcia gene\u00adro\u00adwa\u00adne\u00adgo przez aku\u00admu\u00adla\u00adtor \u2014 oko\u00ad\u0142o 1,7\u20131,8 wol\u00adta z ca\u0142\u00adko\u00adwi\u00adtych oko\u00ad\u0142o 2,1 wol\u00adta \u2014 wyni\u00adka bez\u00adpo\u00ad\u015bred\u00adnio z efek\u00adt\u00f3w rela\u00adty\u00adwi\u00adstycz\u00adnych. Inny\u00admi s\u0142o\u00adwy, gdy\u00adby elek\u00adtro\u00adny w ato\u00admach o\u0142o\u00adwiu zacho\u00adwy\u00adwa\u00ad\u0142y si\u0119 zgod\u00adnie z \u201enie\u00adre\u00adla\u00adty\u00adwi\u00adstycz\u00adn\u0105\u201d fizy\u00adk\u0105, aku\u00admu\u00adla\u00adtor dzia\u00ad\u0142a\u0142\u00adby znacz\u00adnie gorzej, a by\u0107 mo\u017ce w og\u00f3\u00adle nie sta\u0142\u00adby si\u0119 u\u017cy\u00adtecz\u00adn\u0105 technologi\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0179r\u00f3\u00add\u0142em tego zja\u00adwi\u00adska s\u0105 zmia\u00adny w struk\u00adtu\u00adrze ener\u00adge\u00adtycz\u00adnej elek\u00adtro\u00adn\u00f3w. W ci\u0119\u017c\u00adkich ato\u00admach rela\u00adty\u00adwi\u00adstycz\u00adny wzrost efek\u00adtyw\u00adnej masy elek\u00adtro\u00adnu pro\u00adwa\u00addzi do prze\u00adsu\u00adni\u0119\u00adcia pozio\u00adm\u00f3w ener\u00adge\u00adtycz\u00adnych, szcze\u00adg\u00f3l\u00adnie tych naj\u00adbli\u00ad\u017cej j\u0105dra. W przy\u00adpad\u00adku o\u0142o\u00adwiu wp\u0142y\u00adwa to na sta\u00adbil\u00adno\u015b\u0107 jego r\u00f3\u017c\u00adnych form che\u00admicz\u00adnych, takich jak meta\u00adlicz\u00adny Pb i dwu\u00adtle\u00adnek o\u0142o\u00adwiu PbO\u2082. To z kolei bez\u00adpo\u00ad\u015bred\u00adnio prze\u00adk\u0142a\u00adda si\u0119 na poten\u00adcja\u0142 elek\u00adtro\u00adche\u00admicz\u00adny reak\u00adcji zacho\u00addz\u0105\u00adcych w aku\u00admu\u00adla\u00adto\u00adrze. Reak\u00adcja, kt\u00f3\u00adra w uprosz\u00adcze\u00adniu pole\u00adga na prze\u00adkszta\u0142\u00adca\u00adniu o\u0142o\u00adwiu i jego tlen\u00adku w siar\u00adczan o\u0142o\u00adwiu, zysku\u00adje dzi\u0119\u00adki rela\u00adty\u00adwi\u00adsty\u00adce \u201edodat\u00adko\u00adw\u0105 ener\u00adgi\u0119\u201d, mani\u00adfe\u00adstu\u00adj\u0105\u00adc\u0105 si\u0119 jako wy\u017c\u00adsze napi\u0119cie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">W szer\u00adszym kon\u00adtek\u00ad\u015bcie odkry\u00adcie to dobrze ilu\u00adstru\u00adje, jak fun\u00adda\u00admen\u00adtal\u00adne teo\u00adrie fizycz\u00adne prze\u00adni\u00adka\u00adj\u0105 do tech\u00adno\u00adlo\u00adgii. Tak jak mecha\u00adni\u00adka kwan\u00adto\u00adwa umo\u017c\u00adli\u00adwi\u00ad\u0142a powsta\u00adnie tran\u00adzy\u00adsto\u00adr\u00f3w i ca\u0142ej elek\u00adtro\u00adni\u00adki, a teo\u00adria wzgl\u0119d\u00adno\u00ad\u015bci jest nie\u00adzb\u0119d\u00adna do dzia\u00ad\u0142a\u00adnia sys\u00adte\u00adm\u00f3w GPS, tak rela\u00adty\u00adwi\u00adstycz\u00adna che\u00admia ci\u0119\u017c\u00adkich pier\u00adwiast\u00adk\u00f3w wp\u0142y\u00adwa na w\u0142a\u00ad\u015bci\u00adwo\u00ad\u015bci mate\u00adria\u00ad\u0142\u00f3w, kt\u00f3\u00adre wyko\u00adrzy\u00adstu\u00adje\u00admy na co dzie\u0144. Co wi\u0119\u00adcej, nie jest to odosob\u00adnio\u00adny przy\u00adpa\u00addek: te same efek\u00adty odpo\u00adwia\u00adda\u00adj\u0105 za cha\u00adrak\u00adte\u00adry\u00adstycz\u00adny kolor z\u0142o\u00adta czy cie\u00adk\u0142y stan rt\u0119\u00adci w tem\u00adpe\u00adra\u00adtu\u00adrze pokojowej.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.aps.org\/prl\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.106.018301\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Arty\u00adku\u0142<\/a> Zale\u00adskie\u00adgo-Ejgierd i wsp\u00f3\u0142\u00adpra\u00adcow\u00adni\u00adk\u00f3w poka\u00adzu\u00adje wi\u0119c co\u015b wi\u0119\u00adcej ni\u017c tyl\u00adko cie\u00adka\u00adwost\u00adk\u0119 nauko\u00adw\u0105. Ujaw\u00adnia g\u0142\u0119\u00adbo\u00adk\u0105 jed\u00adno\u015b\u0107 praw przy\u00adro\u00addy, w kt\u00f3\u00adrej zja\u00adwi\u00adska zacho\u00addz\u0105\u00adce na pozio\u00admie sub\u00ada\u00adto\u00admo\u00adwym deter\u00admi\u00adnu\u00adj\u0105 funk\u00adcjo\u00adno\u00adwa\u00adnie tech\u00adno\u00adlo\u00adgii u\u017cy\u00adwa\u00adnych przez milio\u00adny ludzi. To przy\u00adpo\u00admnie\u00adnie, \u017ce nawet naj\u00adbar\u00addziej abs\u00adtrak\u00adcyj\u00adne idee fizy\u00adki mog\u0105 mie\u0107 bar\u00addzo kon\u00adkret\u00adne kon\u00adse\u00adkwen\u00adcje \u2014 cza\u00adsem ukry\u00adte w miej\u00adscach tak nie\u00adoczy\u00adwi\u00adstych, jak aku\u00admu\u00adla\u00adtor pod mask\u0105 samochodu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Na pierw\u00adszy rzut oka teo\u00adria wzgl\u0119d\u00adno\u00ad\u015bci wyda\u00adje si\u0119 nale\u00ad\u017ce\u0107 do \u015bwia\u00adta czar\u00adnych dziur, zakrzy\u00adwio\u00adnej cza\u00adso\u00adprze\u00adstrze\u00adni i kosmicz\u00adnych para\u00addok\u00ads\u00f3w, a nie do codzien\u00adnych przed\u00admio\u00adt\u00f3w takich jak aku\u00admu\u00adla\u00adtor samochodowy.&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3251,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"wp_typography_post_enhancements_disabled":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[16,17,65],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3250","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-chemia","category-fizyka","category-science"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/patryk.zaleski.com.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3250","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/patryk.zaleski.com.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/patryk.zaleski.com.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/patryk.zaleski.com.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/patryk.zaleski.com.pl\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3250"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/patryk.zaleski.com.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3250\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3264,"href":"https:\/\/patryk.zaleski.com.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3250\/revisions\/3264"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/patryk.zaleski.com.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/3251"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/patryk.zaleski.com.pl\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3250"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/patryk.zaleski.com.pl\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3250"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/patryk.zaleski.com.pl\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3250"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}